Selected publications on choline/acetylcholine/phosphatides/fatty acids
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Control of membrane phosphatidylcholine biosynthesis by diacylglycerol levels in neuronal cells undergoing neurite outgrowth.
Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci., 94:11946-11950, 1997.
Differential effect of CDP-choline on brain cystolic choline levels in younger and older subjects as measured by proton magnetic resonance spectroscopy.
Psychopharmacology, 127:88-94, 1996.
Abnormal phospholipid turnover and pathophysiology of Alzheimer's disease.
Bulletin of Clin. Neurosci., 55:91-98, 1990.
Synthesis of lecithin (phosphatidylcholine) from phosphatidyl-ethanolamine in bovine brain.
Brain Res., 179:319-327, 1979.
Developmental changes in the activity of phosphatidylethanolamine N-methyltransferases in rat brain.
Biochem. J., 232:505-511, 1985.
Choline biosynthesis by a preparation enriched in synaptosomes from rat brain.
Nature, 290(5085):417-418, 1981.
Choline and cholinergic neurons.
Science, 221:614-620, 1983.
Interactions of 3,4-diaminopyridine and choline in stimulating acetylcholine release and protecting membrane phospholipids.
Brain Res., 541:1-6, 1991.
4-aminopyridine increases acetylcholine release without diminishing membrane phosphatidylcholine.
J. Neurochem., 54(4):1302-1309, 1990.
Giving uridine plus docosahexaenoic acid supplementation orally to rat dams during gestation and nursing increases synaptic elements in brains of weanling pups.
Developmental Neuroscience, 31:181-192, 2009.
Evidence for the existence of pyrimidinergic transmission in rat brain.
Neuropharmacology, 91:77-86, 2015.
Oral Uridine-5'-monophosphate (UMP) increases brain CDP-choline levels in gerbils.
Brain Research, 1058:101-108, 2005.
Chronic administration of docosahexaenoic acid or eicosapentaenoic acid, but not arachidonic acid, alone or in combination with uridine increases brain phosphatide and synaptic proteins levels in gerbils.
Neuroscience, 148:421-431, 2007.
Decreased brain choline uptake in older adults. An in vivo proton magnetic resonance spectroscopy study.
JAMA, 274(11):902-907, 1995.
Brain acetylcholine: Control by dietary choline.
Science, 191:561-562, 1976.
Brain acetylcholine: Increase after systemic choline administration.
Life Sci., 16:1095-1102, 1975.
Decreased plasma choline concentrations in marathon runners.
New Eng. J. Med., 315:892, 1986.
Potentiation by choline of basal and electrically evoked acetylcholine release, as studied using a novel device which both stimulates and perfuses rat corpus striatum.
Brain Res., 607:177-184, 1993.
Choline's phosphorylation in rat striatal slices is regulated by the activity of cholinergic neurons.
Brain Res., 723:90-99, 1996.
Effects of oral choline administration on serum and CSF choline levels in patients with Huntington's Disease.
J. Neurochem., 28:229-231, 1977.
Lecithin can suppress tardive dyskinesia.
New Eng. J. Med., 298:1029-1030, 1978.
Oral choline administration to patients with Huntington's disease.
In: Advances in Neurology, A. Barbeau, N. Wexler, and T.N. Chase, eds.) Raven Press, New York, Vol. 23:765-776, 1979.
A nutritional approach to ameliorate altered phospholipid metabolism in Alzheimer's disease.
Journal of Alzheimer's Disease, 41:715-717, 2014.
Presence of base-exchange activity in rat brain nerve endings: Dependence on soluble substrate concentrations and effect of cations.
J. Neurochem., 50:156-162, 1988.
Chronic administration of DHA and UMP improves the impaired memory of environmentally impoverished rats.
Behavioural Brain Research, 191:11-16, 2008.
Dietary uridine enhances the improvement in learning and memory produced by administering DHA plus choline to gerbils.
FASEB, 22:3938-3946, 2008.
Choline enhances scopolamine-induced acetylcholine release in dorsal hippocampus of conscious, freely-moving rats.
Life Sci., 56(1):45-49, 1995.
Caffeine potentiates the enhancement by choline of striatal acetylcholine release.
Life Sci., 51:1597-1601, 1992.
In vivo synthesis of phosphatidylcholine in rat brain via the phospholipid methylation pathway.
Brain Res., 419:131-140, 1987.
Molecular composition of the phosphatidylcholines produced by the phospholipid methylation pathway in rat brain in vivo.
Biochem. J., 244:325-330, 1987.
Nerve growth factor stimulates diacylglycerol de novo synthesis and phosphatidylinositol hydrolysis in pheochromocytoma cells.
Brain Res., 803:44-53, 1998.
Mechanisms whereby nerve growth factor increases diacylglycerol levels in differentiating PC12 cells.
Brain Res., 818:252-259, 1999.
Heterogeneous long chain Acyl-CoA synthetases control distribution of individual fatty acids in newly-formed glycerolipids of neuronal cells undergoing neurite outgrowth.
Neurochem. Res., 24(6):739-750, 1999.
Stimulation of choline release from NG108-15 cells by 12-O-tetradecanoylphorbol 13-acetate.
Biochem. J., 241:81-86, 1987.
High-performance liquid chromatography of water-soluble choline metabolites.
Analyt. Biochem., 151:182-187, 1985.
Phosphatidylcholine biosynthesis in the neuroblastoma-glioma hybrid cell line NG108-15: Stimulation by phorbol esters.
J. Neurochem., 47(6):1936-1941, 1986.
Differential regulation of phosphatidylcholine biosynthesis by 12-O-tetradecanoylphorbol-13-acetate and diacylglycerol in NG108-15 neuroblastoma x glioma hybrid cells.
J. Biol. Chem., 262(36):17487-17491, 1987.
Metabolism of cytidine (5')-diphosphocholine (CDP-choline) following oral and intravenous administration to the human and the rat.
Neurochem. Int., 11(3):293-297, 1987.
Effect of cytidine(5')diphosphocholine (CDP-choline) on the total urinary excretion of 3-methoxy-4-hydroxyphenylglycol (MHPG) by rats and humans.
J. Neural Trans., 66:129-134, 1986.
Evidence that 5'-Cytidinediphosphocholine can affect brain phospholipid composition by increasing choline and cytidine plasma levels.
J. Neurochem., 65(2):889-894, 1995.
Effects of orally administered cytidine 5'diphosphate choline on brain phospholipid content.
J. Nutr. Biochem., 3:313-315, 1992.
Enhancement by cytidine of membrane phospholipid synthesis.
J. Neurochem., 59(1):338-343, 1992.
Effects of ingesting soy or egg lecithins on serum choline, brain choline and brain acetylcholine.
J. Nutrition, 111(1):166-170, 1981.
Effects of electrical stimulation and choline availability on the release and contents of acetylcholine and choline in superfused slices from rat striatum.
J. Physiol., 80:189-195, 1985.
Choline administration elevates brain phosphorylcholine concentrations.
J. Neurochem., 38(6):1748-1752, 1982.
Phospholipid metabolite levels are altered in cerebral cortex of patients with dominantly inherited olivopontocerebellar atrophy.
Neurosci. Lett., 161:191-194, 1993.
Release of Alzheimer amyloid precursor derivatives stimulated by activation of muscarinic acetylcholine receptors.
Science, 258:304-307, 1992.
Uridine enhances neurite outgrowth in NGH-differentiated PC12 cells.
Neurosci., 134:206-214, 2005.
The 3-hydrox-3-methyglutary co-enzyme A reductase inhibitor pravastatin enhances neurite outgrowth in hippocampal neurons.
J. Neurochem., 97:716-723, 2006.
Stimulation of CDP-choline synthesis by uridine or cytidine in PC12 rat pheochromocytoma cells.
Brain Research, 971(2):161-167, 2003.
Polyunsaturated fatty acids stimulate phosphatidylcholine synthesis in PC12 cells.
Biochimica et Biophysica Acta (BBA) - Molecular and Cell Biology of Lipids, 1771(4):558-563, 2007.
Oral supplementation with docosahexaenoic acid and uridine 5'-monophosphate increases dendritic spine density in adult gerbil hippocampus.
Brain Research, 1182:50-59, 2007.
Coupling of transfected muscarinic acetylcholine receptor subtypes to phospholipase D.
J. Biol. Chem., 266(10):6031-6034, 1991.
Effect of cytidine on membrane phospholipid synthesis in rat striatal slices.
J. Neurochem., 64(1):378-384, 1995.
Efficacy of a medical food in mild Alzheimer's disease: a randomized controlled trial.
Alzheimer's and Dementia, 6:1-10, 2010.
Phorbol ester stimulates choline uptake in Swiss 3T3 fibroblasts following introduction of the gene encoding protein kinase Ca.
Biochem. J., 305:621-626, 1995.
Uptake of exogenous phosphatidylserine by human neuroblastoma cells stimulates the incorporation of [methyl-14C]Choline into Phosphatidylcholine.
J. Neurochem., 53(2):472-481, 1989.
Regulation by phorbol esters of amyloid precursor protein release from Swiss 3T3 fibroblasts overexpressing protein kinase Ca.
J. Biol. Chem., 268(28):21097-21101, 1993.
Citicoline improves verbal memory in aging.
Arch. Neurol., 53:441-448, 1996.
Rat brain phosphatidyl-N,N-dimethylethanolamine is rich in polyunsaturated fatty acids.
J. Neurochem., 45(3):805-809, 1985.
Phosphatidylcholine produced in rat synaptosomes by N-methylation is enriched in polyunsaturated fatty acids.
Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci., 82:4828-4831, 1985.
Chronic administration of UMP ameliorates the impairment of hippocampal-dependent memory in impoverished rats.
J. Nutr., 136:2834-2837, 2006.
Dietary cytidine (5')-diphosphocholine supplementation protects against development of memory deficits in aging rats.
Progress in Neuro-Psychopharm. & Biological Psychiatry, 27:711-717, 2003.
Dietary CDP-choline supplementation prevents memory impairment caused by impoverished environmental conditions in rats.
Learning and Memory, 12:39-43, 2005.
Platelet-activating factor increases prostaglandin E2 release from astrocyte-enriched cortical cell cultures.
Brain Res., 946(1):87-95, 2002.
Environmental conditions influence hippocampal-dependent behaviors and brain levels of amyloid precursor protein.
Eur. J. Neurosci., 16:2405-2415, 2002.
Platelet-activating factor antagonists decrease the inflammatory nociceptive response in rats.
Psychopharm., 163:430-433, 2002.
Platelet-activating factor affects nociception in rats at cerebral sites of action.
Cyclooxygenase-2 mediates platelet-activating factor-induced Prostaglandin E2 release from rat primary astrocytes.
Neuroscience Letters, 340:177-180, 2003.
N-methyl-d-aspartate increases acetylcholine release from rat striatum and cortex: Its effect is augmented by choline.
J. Pharm. Exp. Therap., 261(3):1122-1128, 1992.
Trans-synaptic induction of adrenomedullary tyrosine hydroxylase activity by choline: Evidence that choline administration can increase cholinergic transmission.
Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci., 74(2):798-800, 1977.
Cytidine and uridine increase striatal CDP-choline levels without decreasing acetylcholine synthesis or release.
Cellular and Molecular Neurobiology, Vol 26, Nos. 4-6:563-577, 2006.
Choline increases acetylcholine release and protects against the stimulation-induced decrease in phosphatide levels within membranes of rat corpus striatum.
Brain Res., 484:217-227, 1989.
Choline Administration: Activation of tyrosine hydroxylase in dopaminergic neurons of rat brain.
Science, 194:1060-1061, 1976.
Selective response of rat peripheral sympathetic nervous system to various stimuli.
J. Physiol., 293:513-523, 1979.
Dietary supplementation with uridine-5'-monophosphate (UMP), a membrane phosphatide precursor, increases acetylcholine level and release in striatum of aged rat.
Brain Research, 1133:42-48, 2007.
Dietary uridine-5'-monophosphate supplementation increases potassium-evoked dopamine release and promotes neurite outgrowth in aged rats.
J. Molecular Neurosci, 27:137-145, 2005.
Synapse formation and cognitive brain development: effect of docosahexaenoic acid and other dietary constituents.
Metabolism, 57(2):S6-S10, 2008.
The rate of synaptogenesis can be enhanced by co-administering three specific nutrients.
Presynaptic control of release of amine neurotransmitters by precursor levels.
NIPS (Am. Physiol. Soc.), 3:158-163, 1988.
Enhancing synaptogenesis in diseases characterized by deficiencies in brain synapses.
Frontiers in Psychiatry, 1/Article 147:1-2, 2010.
Non-nutritional uses of nutrients.
European Journal of Pharmacology, 668:S10-S15, 2011.
A nutrient combination that can affect synapse formation.
Nutrients, 6, doi:10.3390/nu6041701:1701-1710, 2014.
How anticholinergic drugs might promote Alzheimer's dementia: more A-beta and less phosphatidycholine..
Wurtman, R.J. How anticholinergic drugs might promote Alzheimer's dementia: more A-beta and less phosphatidycholine.. , 46:983-987, 2015.
Administration of docosahexaenoic acid, uridine and choline increases levels of synaptic membranes and dendritic spines in rodent brain. Omega-3 Fatty Acids, the Brain and Retina.
World Review of Nutrition and Dietetics (A.P. Simopoulos, N.G. Gazan, eds.), Karger, Basel, Vol. 99, pp. S153-S168, 2008.
Nutritional modifiers of aging brain function: increasing the formation of brain synapses by administering uridine and other phosphatide precursors.
Nutrition Reviews, 68(Suppl 2):S88-S101, 2010.
Use of phosphatide precursors to promote synaptogenesis.
Annual Reviews of Nutrition, 29:59-87, 2009.
Choline and its products acetylcholine and phosphatidylcholine.
Handbook of Neurochemistry, Vol. 8, Chpt. 3.2, pp._____, 2008.
Synapse formation is enhanced by oral administration of uridine and DHA, the circulating precursors of brain phosphatides.
The Journal of Nutrition, Health & Aging, 13(3):, 2009.
Precursor control of neurotransmitter synthesis.
Pharmacological Reviews, 32(4):315-335, 1980.
Effect of oral CDP-choline on plasma choline and uridine levels in humans.
Biochem. Pharm., 60:989-992, 2000.
Synaptic Proteins and Phospholipids are Increased in Gerbil Brain by Administering Uridine Plus Docosahexaenoic Acid Orally.
Brain Research, 1088(1):83-92, 2006.
Elevated choline concentration in neonatal plasma.
Life Sci., 26:1827-1831, 1980.
Choline content of mothers' milk in Ecuador and Boston.
New Eng. J. Med., 306(3):175-176, 1982.
Developmental changes in rat blood choline concentration.
Biochem. J., 198:565-570, 1981.